Kapinga (1992), “The Legal Profession and Social Action in the Third World: Reflections on Tanzania and Kenya”

The legal professions in Tanzania and Kenya, despite operating under repressive state control, have played a crucial activist role in challenging authoritarianism—unlike their more individualistic counterparts in the West.

Oko (2009), “The Lawyer’s Role in a Contemporary Democracy, Promoting the Rule of Law, Lawyers in Fragile Democracies and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation: The Nigerian Experience”

In fragile democracies, lawyers must help build and secure democratic institutions, a role best understood through context-specific analysis rather than abstract ideals.

Sommerlad, Abel, and Hammerslev (2022), Lawyers in 21st-Century Societies: Vol. 2: Comparisons and Theories

Since 1988, global shifts—driven by neoliberalism, globalization, technological change, and the fall of the Soviet bloc—have transformed the legal profession, prompting a comparative analysis of its structure, roles, and challenges across issues like diversity, ethics, access to justice, and legal education.